Minimum Competence Required by Different Stakeholders from Entry Level Veterinarians

Recommending a minimum English proficiency standard for entry-level nursing.

When nurses who are educated internationally immigrate to the United States, they are expected to have English language proficiency in order to function as a competent nurse. The purpose of this research was to provide sufficient information to the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) to make a defensible recommended passing standard for English proficiency. This standard was bas...

Evidence-based public health--what level of competence is required?

BACKGROUND Increasing prominence is being given to the use of best current evidence in decision-making, both in clinical practice and health care management and purchasing. Public health is regarded as a specialty in which evidence-based decision-making may be taken for granted, partly because epidemiology is the principal basic science on which public health has developed. To practise evidence...

Minimum Wages as a Barrier to Entry – Evidence from Germany

This study analyses employers‘ support for the introduction of industry-specifi c minimum wages as a cost-raising strategy in order to deter market entry. Using a unique data set consisting of 800 fi rms in the German service sector, we fi nd some evidence that high-productivity employers support minimum wages. We further show that minimum wage support is higher in industries and regions with l...

Determination of Minimum Required

Cognitive competence required for spoken language performance and computational competence realized by spoken language engineering

あらまし 波形素片やスペクトル素片をテンプレートとして保有し,音響照合・音声生成を行なう方法論から,HMM や GMMに代表される数理統計的な音響モデリング技術の台頭によって,音声認識・合成技術の性能・柔軟性は著し く向上した。しかし音声言語工学が構築して来た計算論的能力と,音声言語運用に関する人間の認知的能力には大き な差異があることは否めない。音声認識では,多様な話者性に対処するために数千・万の話者を使って音響モデルを 構築するが(かつ,適応技術を用いたモデル補正が必要となる),幼児の音声言語獲得過程を考えると,聴取する声 の多くは母親,父親,自身の声であり,非常に限られた話者性の音声である。音声合成に目を向ければ,合成器が生 成するのは学習話者の声である。しかし父親の太い声を模倣する幼児はいない。親の声の物真似を通して音声言語を 獲得した事例は存在しない。音声言語工学は音声言語...